The word 复杂 (fùzá), meaning "complex", is formed through the combination of two independent characters, each contributing a core semantic idea. The first character, 复 (fù), carries connotations of "double", "repeat", or "return", implying a sense of layered or recurring structure. The second, 杂 (zá), means "mixed", "miscellaneous", or "heterogeneous", suggesting a state of varied and intertwined elements. Together, they conceptually merge to depict a condition where many different, repeated, or intertwined parts create a whole that is intricate and not simple, precisely capturing the essence of complexity.