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骖, the simplified form of 驂, is a phono-semantic compound. The semantic radical 马 indicates a horse-related meaning, while the phonetic 参 (cān) means 'to participate' or 'to join'. The traditional character combined the complex 馬 and 參 components, which were simplified to 马 and 参. Etymologically, it refers to the two outer horses in a team of four pulling an ancient Chinese chariot, as distinct from the inner draft horses. The character is therefore tied to classical warfare, royal transport, and historical texts describing ancient chariot driving.
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