Definitions

(noun) slave; servant

Etymology

Depicts a hand () behind a woman () slave's back forcing her to work.

About

The character "奴" originates from a compositional etymology that combines the radical 女, meaning woman, with the component 又, signifying a hand, to depict a hand grasping a woman and thus conveying the idea of a captive or enslaved person. Its structural form has persisted with these elements, maintaining the visual suggestion of dominance and servitude inherent in its conception. Initially denoting slaves, often female captives, the term's application broadened over time to encompass various types of servants and subordinates, losing some of its gender-specificity while retaining the core notion of forced labor or low status. In modern usage, the character continues to express direct meanings related to slavery but has also been productively incorporated into compound words that metaphorically describe individuals bound by external pressures, such as in "房奴" for those overwhelmed by mortgage payments, demonstrating how its historical essence has been extended to articulate contemporary forms of subjugation.

Etymology Hide

Oracle etymology image
Oracle (~1250-1000 BC)
Bronze etymology image
Bronze Early Western Zhou (~1000 BC)
Bronze etymology image
Bronze Mid Western Zhou (~900 BC)
Seal etymology image
Seal Chu (Warring States: 475-221 BC)
Seal etymology image
Seal Chu (Warring States: 475-221 BC)
Seal etymology image
Seal Shuowen (~100 AD)
Seal etymology image
Seal Shuowen (~100 AD)
Clerical etymology image
Clerical Qin dynasty (221-206 BC)
Clerical etymology image
Clerical Western Han dynasty (202 BC-9 AD)
Clerical etymology image
Clerical Western Han dynasty (202 BC-9 AD)
Clerical etymology image
Clerical Western Han dynasty (202 BC-9 AD)
Clerical etymology image
Clerical Eastern Han dynasty (25-220 AD)
Clerical etymology image
Clerical Cao Wei (Three Kingdoms: 222-280 AD)
Traditional Modern
Simplified Modern

Example Sentences Hide

这个隶很辛苦。

Zhè gè núlì hěn xīnkǔ.

This slave works very hard.

仆为主人服务。

Núpú wèi zhǔrén fúwù.

The servant serves the master.

他表现出性。

Tā biǎoxiàn chū núxìng.

He shows servility.

在田间劳动。

Nóngnú zài tiánjiān láodòng.

Serfs work in the fields.

他们被役了很多年。

Tāmen bèi núyì le hěn duō nián.

They were enslaved for many years.

古代婢生活悲惨。

Gǔdài núbì shēnghuó bēicǎn.

In ancient times, slave girls lived miserably.

我们不能做亡国

Wǒmen bù néng zuò wángguónú.

We cannot become slaves of a conquered nation.

反对役制度是正义的。

Fǎnduì núyì zhìdù shì zhèngyì de.

Opposing the system of slavery is just.